REV-ERBα Regulates CYP7A1 Through Repression of Liver Receptor Homolog-1.

Nuclear heme receptor reverse erythroblastosis virus (REV-ERB) α (a transcriptional repressor) is known to regulate cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile acid synthesis. However, the mechanism for REV-ERBα regulation of CYP7A1 remains elusive. Here, we investigate the role of LRH-1 in REV-ERBα regulation of CYP7A1 and cholesterol metabolism. We first characterized the tertiary amine N-(4-chloro-2-methylbenzyl)-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methanamine (GSK2945) as a highly specific Rev-erbα/REV-ERBα antagonist using cell-based assays and confirmed expression of Rev-erbα in mouse liver. GSK2945 treatment increased hepatic mouse cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) level and lowered plasma cholesterol in wild-type mice. Likewise, the compound increased the expression and microsomal activity of Cyp7a1 in hypercholesterolemic mice. This coincided with reduced plasma and liver cholesterol and enhanced production of bile acids. Increased levels of Cyp7a1/CYP7A1 were also found in mouse and human primary hepatocytes after GSK2945 treatment. In these experiments, we observed parallel increases in Lrh-1/LRH-1 (a known hepatic activator of Cyp7a1/CYP7A1) mRNA and protein. Luciferase reporter, mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Lrh-1/LRH-1 was a direct Rev-erbα/REV-ERBα target gene. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Lrh-1 in the liver abrogated the regulatory effects of Rev-erbα on Cyp7a1 and cholesterol metabolism in mice. In conclusion, Rev-erbα regulates Cyp7a1 and cholesterol metabolism through its repression of the Lrh-1 receptor. Targeting the REV-ERBα/LRH-1 axis may represent a novel approach for management of cholesterol-related diseases.

Rationale and design of the SOluble guanylate Cyclase stimulatoR in heArT failurE Studies (SOCRATES).

AIMS: The clinical outcomes for patients with worsening chronic heart failure (WCHF) remain exceedingly poor despite contemporary evidence-based therapies, and effective therapies are urgently needed. Accumulating evidence supports augmentation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling as a potential therapeutic strategy for HF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively). Direct soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators target reduced cGMP generation due to insufficient sGC stimulation and represent a promising method for cGMP enhancement. METHODS: The phase II SOluble guanylate Cyclase stimulatoR in heArT failurE Study (SOCRATES) programme consists of two randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre studies, SOCRATES-REDUCED (in patients with LVEF <45%) and SOCRATES-PRESERVED (in those with LVEF ≥ 45%), that will explore the pharmacodynamic effects, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of four dose regimens of the once-daily oral sGC stimulator vericiguat (BAY 1021189) over 12 weeks compared with placebo. These studies will enrol patients stabilized during hospitalization for HF at the time of discharge or within 4 weeks thereafter. The primary endpoint in SOCRATES-REDUCED is change in NT-proBNP at 12 weeks. The primary endpoints in SOCRATES-PRESERVED are change in NT-proBNP and left atrial volume at 12 weeks. PERSPECTIVES: SOCRATES will be the first programme to enrol specifically both inpatients and outpatients with WCHF and patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results will inform the benefits of pursuing subsequent event-driven clinical outcome trials with sGC stimulators in this patient population.

El receptor nuclear NOR-1 regula la activación de las células vasculares y el remodelado vascular en respuesta a estrés hemodinámico / The nuclear receptor NOR-1 regulates the activation of vascular cells and vascular remodelling in response to hemodynamic stress

Introducción: Estudios previos sugieren que la pérdida de función de NOR-1 modula la activación de las células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV). En este estudio utilizamos un ratón que sobreexpresa NOR-1 en CMLV para analizar su efecto en la activación celular y en la hiperplasia de la íntima inducida por estrés hemodinámico. Métodos Para generar el modelo animal el ADNc de NOR-1 humano se situó bajo el control del promotor de SM22α. La expresión de NOR-1 se analizó mediante PCR a tiempo real, Western-blot, inmunohistoquímica e inmunocitoquímica, y su funcionalidad se determinó mediante ensayos de actividad luciferasa. Como índice de proliferación celular se determinó la incorporación de timidina tritiada. La carótida izquierda se sometió a ligadura y en secciones de la misma se realizaron análisis morfométricos e inmunohistoquímicos. Resultados El transgénico desarrollado exhibía niveles significativos de NOR-1 humano en la aorta y las arterias carótidas. En las CMLV de los animales transgénicos se detectó un aumento de la actividad transcripcional de la ciclina D2, una mayor actividad proliferativa y niveles incrementados de Myh10. En estos animales la ligadura de la carótida indujo mayor formación de neoíntima y de estenosis que en los animales control, en consonancia con el marcaje de Myh10 e histona H3 fosforilada. Conclusiones Estos resultados refuerzan el papel de NOR-1 en la proliferación de las CMLV y en el remodelado vascular, y permiten proponer este modelo como una herramienta útil para estudiar la implicación de este receptor en la función vascular y en enfermedades como la arteriosclerosis y la reestenosis

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the loss of NOR-1 function modulates the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In this study we use a mouse that over-expresses human NOR-1 in VSMC to analyze the effect of a gain of NOR-1 function on the activation ofVSMC and in the hyperplasia of the intima induced by hemodynamic stress. Methods: To generate the transgenic animal the human NOR-1 cDNA was placed under the control of the SM22promoter. The expression of NOR-1 was analyzed by real time PCR, Westernblot, immunohistochemistry and immunocitochemistry, and NOR-1 functionality was evaluated by luciferase activity assays. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine was determined as a cellproliferation index. The left carotid artery was ligated, and cross-sections were subjected tomorphometric and immunostaining analysis. Results: The transgenic mouse exhibited significant levels of human NOR-1 in aorta and carotidarteries. In aortic VSMC from transgenic mice an increase in the transcriptional activity of ciclinD2 was detected, as well as higher proliferative rates and increased levels of the marker Myh10.In these animals, carotid artery ligation induced a greater neointimal formation and a higherstenotic grade than in wild-type animals, in accordance with the labelling detected for Myh10and phosphorylated Histone H3.Conclusions: These results reinforce the role of NOR-1 in VSMC proliferation and in vascular remodelling, and allow us to propose this model as a useful tool to study the involvement ofNOR-1 in vascular function and in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis